Swing Arm Training Method Vines

ABSTRACT

An apparatus and method for training a grape vine. The apparatus is a swing arm supporting a linear grid composed of transverse and longitudinal elements that are configured to result in a network of spaces that are sized to capture and separate the grape vine shoots. The apparatus is mobile within the vine canopy serving various functions as the growing season progresses. The mobility of the grid apparatus allows repositioning throughout the growing season while still retaining the shoots within the grid openings.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 15/590,088, filed May 9,2017, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/334,571 filed May 11, 2016.

FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

N/A

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to apparatus and methods for training vines,especially grape vines.

Glossary of Terms Used

Barrel—The portion of a swing arm configured to contain a pivot element.When knuckles are employed, comprises knuckles and the structure holdingknuckles in position.

Bud—An undeveloped shoot. Usually consists of rudimentary leaves andflower clusters.

Cane—A mature, woody shoot after leaf fall. A source of buds.

Canopy—The above ground parts of a grapevine.

Capture Position—In this position the system is poised to “capture”newly emerging shoots from a bud on a cane, cordon or spur within theopenings of the grid or between a system of wires.

Catch wire—A wire that serves to guide developing grapevine shoots. Itcan be moveable or fixed and there may be one or a plurality of wiresthat act as a system.

Cordon—An extension of a grapevine trunk with a specific orientation.Cordons are perennial wood and carry fruiting spurs that are renewedannually. A source of buds.

“Cordon or cane”—the parts of the grape vine that are attached to thefruiting wire and provide shoots for training. When these terms are usedtogether it indicates that the grower has chosen to use one or the otherand that the terms are interchangeable with respect to how they interactwith the novel SATS growing system.

Distal end—the end of the swing arm that is not configured to beattached to a pivot element.

First elongated element—transverse element (used interchangeably)

Fruiting wire—A wire, usually horizontal, and attached to posts. Itserves to support canes and cordons within the fruiting zone.

Grid—An apparatus consisting of longitudinal and transverse elementsconfigured to provide openings for foliage to grow through.

Grid support wire—A wire that serves to support a grid.

Knuckle—Hollow cylinder or loop configured to enclose a pivot element.

Lateral—Indicates a sideways direction with respect to a known axis.When used with respect to a grapevine canopy it indicates theside-to-side direction along the longest direction of the canopy.

Lateral support—When used in reference to a grapevine canopy it keepsthe foliage from falling, slipping, or sinking in a sideways direction.

Longitudinal element—an element substantially parallel to a fruitingwire.

Pivot element—an element about which swing arms rotate.

Second elongated element—longitudinal element (used interchangeably)

Shoot—Current season's stem growth arising from a bud, including thestem, leaves and fruit.

Spur—A short cane that has been pruned to one to four nodes.

Support wire—A wire that serves to give structural support to anothermember, such as a grid element.

Supported wire—A wire that is directly or indirectly supported by aswing arm.

Swing arm—a pivoting element that supports a grid or supported wire fortraining grapevine shoots.

Swing arm support wire—A wire that serves as a pivot element and givesstructural support to a swing arm.

Tendril—A slender vine growth arising from shoots. It can coil aroundobjects and help support the shoot.

Transverse element—an element connecting a plurality of longitudinalelements.

Trellis clip—A commercially available device that attaches to the wiresof a trellis system. It is used to temporarily fix a set of catch wiresinto a pre-determined spacing and help to prevent movement of thefoliage.

SATS—Swing Arm Training System—A novel vine training method andapparatus, described below in the Detailed Description of the Inventionsection.

VSP—Vertical Shoot Positioned system. A conventional training techniquethat places the shoots of a vine into a vertical position perpendicularto the ground.

BACKGROUND

A common problem with grape vines is how to train vines to preventoverlapping foliage in order to allow sufficient sun exposure. It iswell known that shading has adverse effects on fruit quality. When theirleaves are shaded, grape vines suffer from higher acidity, impairedcolor, and lower soluble solids and phenolic content.

To illustrate the limitations of current growing methods, a conventionalgrape vineyard training system known as the Vertical Shoot Positioning(VSP) system will be described in this section.

In order to increase exposure to the sun's rays, vines are commonlyattached to a framework called a trellis. A new growth is called a shootand collectively, all the shoots comprise the canopy. The canopy is heldin position using high tensile wire attached to posts.

FIG. 1A shows a typical Vertical Shoot Positioned canopy attached totrellis 10. Of all the variations of trellis systems the “Vertical ShootPositioned” system is one of the most common for high quality winegrapes. The leaves of the shoots have been omitted for clarity. The vinetrunks 50 are trained to terminate at the lowest wire called thefruiting wire 40. From that point, extensions of the trunk called eithercordons or canes 60 are tied to the fruiting wire. New seasonal growthemerges from these cordons or canes. This growth is called a shoot 70.As these new shoots grow they follow random paths searching andcompeting for sunlight. In an attempt to keep the shoots from shadingeach other and from shading the emerging grape clusters the growerpositions each shoot within catch wires 30 and enables it to growvertically upwards. Keeping the shoots separated from each other andwithin their own space within the catch wires is the goal.

In FIG. 1A the vine shoots 70 have been positioned inside the catchwires 30 but can still lean along the axial direction of the fruitingwire resulting in leaf on leaf shading and crowding. The figureillustrates shoots bunching together along the catch wires and near theposts. This causes a shading problem.

There are a limited number of ways that the shoots are initiallypositioned within the catch wires. Positioning each shoot by hand, oneat a time, is common practice. With tens of thousands of shoots per acrethis is very slow and time consuming.

Another way to position the shoots is by using movable catch wires. Thismethod is faster than hand positioning but still allows the shoots tomove along the fruiting wire axial direction within the confines of thecatch wires after positioning takes place. Catch wires 30 can be removedand replaced on the posts 20 through the use of post clips 80.

Although the current systems have many advantages over non-positionedvines they also have several inherent disadvantages. First, existingshoot-positioning methods are very labor intensive. After the initialpositioning of the shoots one or two additional passes are usuallyrequired to keep the shoots separated and reinserted between the catchwires.

Furthermore, environmental conditions such as wind move the shoots inthe fruiting wire axial direction within the catch wires resulting in anon-uniform distribution of shoots along the trellis. This results incongested areas of foliage that shade each other and lower the overallquality of the canopy. Remedial measures to correct this problem arecommonly made by using trellis clips that pinch the catch wires togetherat one or more locations between posts. This prevents the shoots frommoving sideways but contribute to additional bunching and shading of theshoots.

Another problem with conventional systems is that some shoots movewithin the catch wires 30 enough to escape the confines of the catchwires resulting in additional labor to reposition the foliage by hand.

On a smaller scale, there are commercial grid products designed forsupporting flowers or small plants, and cannabis. The flower and smallplant products are round or have length to width ratios limited to aboutthree to one, whereas grapevine trellises are highly linear and canextend hundreds of lineal feet or as required to form an extendedgrapevine canopy. Garden grow thru grids are made with fixed legs orfixed height restrictions and so cannot be adjusted to the dynamicgrowth habits of grape vines. The plant height and growth they aredesigned for are much smaller than that required for vineyards. They arelimited to collecting plant shoots in the upward vertical direction onlywhereas grape shoots start budding several feet off the ground on afruiting wire, and can grow and also be trained in any direction,including upward, downward and diagonally. Further, they cannot be usedon a trellis system such as a grape trellis or be used in a mobilefashion to spread and hold foliage apart in order to achieve more plantsunlight exposure.

Another kind of available grid-based system is used for cannabistraining. A system of strings or wires are used to form a gridconfiguration that is randomly configured in size and is used to holddown foliage branches so as to force the plants to grow sideways. Suchconfiguration is not mobile throughout the range of shoot growth but ismade to bear downward on foliage and suppress upward growth. This systemhas eventual growth of buds upward through the grid openings but this isan inconvenience of the system as the buds are then necessarily cut awayand separated from the grid at harvest. The grid is discarded.

Another kind is used consisting of a length of netting materialestablished usually in a vertical plane which allows vines to growvertically in and out of the netting on its vertical climb. This isinappropriate for vineyards using a trellis and established trainingsystem where the emphasis is on providing the leaves with maximumsunlight and air circulation.

A feature sometimes seen in downward training systems involves the useof a swing arm to change direction of growth from initially upward tofinally downward. The Geneva Double Curtain (GDC) will be used as anexample. Reference is made to Richard Smart and Mike Robinson's SunlightInto Wine: A Handbook for Winegrape Canopy Management, pages 52 and 53,fifth edition, March 1997, published by Ministry of Agriculture andFisheries, New Zealand. In this manual the authors show how tomanipulate a winegrape canopy using what are termed “swing arms”. Theirmethod uses a wooden arm and wire to collect foliage and direct saidfoliage into a downward growing canopy termed the Geneva double curtain(GDC). For comparison purposes we will call this a modified GDC. Whilethe intent of both the SMART system and the SATS system is to shootposition the foliage, the SMART system is not consistent with the novelswing arms features to accomplish the shoot positioning.

In the modified GDC, a single swing arm is attached to a fruiting wire.At the distal end (i.e., the end opposite the pivoting end) of the swingarm, a catch wire is attached that traps most of the upward growingfoliage and, by rotation of the arm, swings the shoots into a downwardgrowing direction. The GDC system is not suitable for upward-growingvines, however. For upward growing vines, such as Vertical ShootPositioning (VSP), using only one arm would not sufficiently restrainthe shoots, and using the fruiting wire as pivoting element would notretain shoots once they grew beyond the length of the swing arm.

Some of the differences between the modified GDC swing arm and the novelproposed SATS system are indicated in Table 1 below. The proposed SATS(Swing Arm Training System) is explained in the Detailed Descriptionsection below.

TABLE 1 Some Differences Between the novel SATS and modified GDC SwingArm Systems Novel Swing Arm Training Modified Geneva Double Item SystemCurtain Pivot axis Pivot is above fruiting wire Pivot is on fruitingwire Training Upward Downward direction # of arms One arm allowed, butusual case Only 1 arm in contact with is 2 opposing arms in contactshoots from cordon or cane with shoots from cordon or cane CapturingCaptures shoots between Captures shoots within one multiple longitudinallongitudinal element on one elements on each side side only (for two armcase) Separation Separates foliage by grid and or Doesn't separatefoliage multiple wires Pivot Designed for adjustable pivot Fixed pivotheight height height

It is noted particularly that the SMART system is controlled by an armattached to a fixed pivot point, namely a fruiting wire mounted on across bar. In contrast the SATS arms are attached directly to a supportwire that has the mobility to be relocated anywhere within the verticalplane of the canopy. The SMART arms are permanently fixed in theirvertical position, whereas the arms in the SATS system have variousdesign features that allow them to be mounted on moveable support wiresand can be removed from the wires at any time. They subsequently canperform various functions throughout the growing cycle that are notlimited by fixed arms.

These limitations demonstrate that such conventional support systems areinappropriate for training grape vines, and, as shown above,conventional grape vine training systems are not effective in preventingfoliage shading. These problems are overcome by a new proposed trainingsystem described in the following sections. When the new method isapplied to trellised grape vines, it is preferably referred to as theSwing Arm Training System (or SATS).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The Swing Arm Training System, or SATS, is a novel method and apparatusdesigned for training vegetative shoots especially grape vine shoots. Ituses a fabricated apparatus to capture and train the shoots whereby thevine parts can attract maximum sunlight and require less labor to trainand maintain the position of the vines. The SATS system can be usefulemploying a single arm, but is most powerful using a pair of opposing,rotative swing arms that support a grid and or system of wires thatcapture and train vegetative shoots.

One embodiment of the invention for training vegetative shoots comprisesa post, a fruiting wire supported by the post, a cordon or cane attachedto the fruiting wire, the cordon or cane generating the shoots duringthe growing season, a pivot element located above the fruiting wire, apair of opposing, rotating arms that rotate about and are supported bythe pivot element, the arms substantially surrounding the fruiting wireand capturing growing shoots, insofar as possible given the specificswing arm design used, when the distal ends of said arms are rotatedinto proximity to each other, and having at least one grid attached tothe arms.

In an embodiment, there may be a separate swing arm support wire foreach swing arm.

By this apparatus, the arms can be positioned close together early inthe growing season to enable the grid or grids to capture the shoots,and then the arms can be rotated farther apart later in the growingseason to enable the grid or grids to spread out and train the shoots asthey pass through the grid or grids and continue to grow.

The pivot element previously mentioned can be rigid such as a nail,screw, pin, or shaft, or it can be flexible, such as a cable, rope,fiber, or support wire. Many examples will be given in the text andfigures using a swing arm support wire, but any pivot element can beused.

The embodiment described above may also have a plurality of fasteners onthe post, allowing the height of the pivot element to be adjusted thusenabling the swing arm and its attached grid or grids or supported wiresto change vertical position to keep up with shoot growth.

The embodiment above may also have supported wires attached to the swingarms, the wires serving as longitudinal elements of the grid or grids,whereby the spacing of the wires may be adjusted over time to provide amore equitable distribution of shoots among the grid spaces.

The apparatus may have its swing arms configured to intercalate andinterlock while attaching to the pivot element.

In another embodiment we retain the post, fruiting wire, cordon or cane,pivot element and pair of opposing, rotating swing arms as describedabove, but instead of capturing the shoots in a grid only, they arecaptured in addition between a plurality of supported wires attached toeach arm, the plurality of supported wires on each arm running parallelto said fruiting wire. It follows from the foregoing that the distalends of said arms can be rotated into proximity to each other at thebeginning of growing season, then later rotated apart, thereby raisingall the wires attached to each arm and thus containing said shootswithin the boundaries of the wires. The position of the supported wireson the swing arms can be spaced to capture shoots between the wires inan equitable manner, and to retain and train them as the arms arerotated apart and raised through the growing season, and the relativeposition of the wires can be changed as the arms are rotated during thegrowing season to provide optimum sun exposure for each angle ofrotation used

In an embodiment, a method of training vegetative shoots arising from acordon or cane includes attaching one or more grids to opposing swingarms that are able to rotate about a pivot element; supporting the pivotelement by a post; positioning distal ends of the swing arms closetogether early in the growing season whereby the attached gridsubstantially surrounds the cordon or cane; capturing the shoots by thegrid or grids as the shoots emerge from the cordon or cane and passthrough the grid or grids; and rotating the distal ends of the swingarms farther apart later in the season in order to allow the grid orgrids to spread out and train the shoots as they continue to grow. Thearms can also be rotated closer together to allow more space betweenrows if the need arises.

The pivot element described in this method can be rigid such as a nail,screw, pin, or shaft, or it can be flexible, such as a cable, rope,fiber, or support wire.

The method may further include repositioning the pivot element on thepost later in the growing season whereby the height of pivot element canbe adjusted thus enabling the swing arm and attached grid or grids orsupported wires to change vertical position to keep up with shootgrowth.

The method may further comprise attaching supported wires to the swingarms, these wires serving as longitudinal elements of the grid or grids,then adjusting the spacing between longitudinal elements of the grid orgrids by changing the location of the wires along the swing arm, thusenabling a more equitable distribution of shoots in grid spaces. Therelative position of the wires can be changed as the arms are rotatedduring the growing season to provide optimum sun exposure for each angleof rotation used.

The method may also include having the swing arms intercalate andinterlock by means of a common slot and common cavity able to receivethe pivot element.

Another method of training vegetative shoots arising from a cordon orcane comprises attaching a plurality of wires to each of opposing swingarms that are able to rotate about a pivot element; supporting the pivotelement by a post; positioning the distal ends of the swing arms closetogether early in the growing season; and rotating the distal ends ofthe swing arms farther apart later in the season, whereby the attachedwires spread out, contain and train the shoots as they continue to grow.The arms can also be rotated closer together to allow more space betweenrows if the need arises.

The improvements and the method of using this new concept are explainedin the “DETAILED DESCRIPTION” section.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a perspective view depicting the prior art Vertical ShootPositioned canopy, showing how shading occurs when shoots bunchtogether.

FIG. 2A is an end view showing two straight swing arms mounted on thecenterline of a trellis post. The swing arms have grids attached and areshown in initial bud capture position with swing arms lowered.

FIG. 2B is an end view showing new shoots growing through grids on theswing arms while the swing arms are in the lowered (capturing) position.

FIG. 2C is an end view showing shoots being trained in the verticaldirection by the swing arms now rotated to a raised position.

FIG. 3A is an end view showing two swing arms mounted on support wiresattached on both sides of a trellis post. The swing arms have gridsattached.

FIG. 3B is an end view showing new shoots growing through swing armgrids mounted on support wires attached to both sides of a trellis post.The swing arms are in capture position.

FIG. 3C is an end view showing shoots being trained in the verticaldirection by the swing arms now rotated to a first rotatively raisedposition.

FIG. 3D is an end view showing swing arms raised in a vertical directionat a second lift position, this time by vertical translation rather thanrotation.

FIG. 4A is an end view showing swing arms with grid attached, the armsin initial bud capture position. The swing arms are hinged on the sameside of trellis post.

FIG. 4B is an end view showing new shoots growing through swing armsgrids, the swing arms in shoot capture position.

FIG. 4C is an end view showing shoots being trained in the verticaldirection by the swing arms, now rotated to a raised position.

FIG. 4D is an end view showing an optional position in which the swingarms are now raised to a second lift position by vertical translationrather then rotation.

FIG. 5A shows a swing arm notched for adjustable length. The notchescatch the swing arm pivot element.

FIG. 5B shows a swing arm slotted for variable length.

FIG. 6A shows a trailing catch wire hanging by means of an elongatedconnector from a point on a swing arm. The elongated connector supportsa single supported catch wire. This arrangement may be used on either orboth swing arms.

FIG. 6B shows the swing arms, elongated connector and trailing supportedcatch wire in final position. The catch wire attached to the elongatedconnector collects the shoots that may have escaped the swing arm gridsand/or the late growing shoots that have not grown long enough to beassociated with the initial raising of the grid.

FIG. 7 shows an embodiment of a swing arm and grid assembly, and itsattachment to a supporting post. The main part of the figure shows aplan (upper) view of the grid supported by a swing arm, which in turn issupported by a post. The lower view is an edge view of the assembly.

FIG. 8A-8D is a flowchart describing the training procedure for anexample embodiment, with particular emphasis on the timing and criteriafor grid adjustment.

FIG. 8A describes the criteria for rotating a swing arm for the firsttime.

FIG. 8B describes the criteria for raising a pivot element for the firsttime.

FIG. 8C describes the criteria for raising a pivot element for thesecond time if needed.

FIG. 8D describes the criteria for rotating a swing arm for the secondtime if needed.

FIG. 9A is a depiction of a comb shaped grid used vertically whentraining vines and vine shoots growing in proximity to the ground.

FIG. 9B illustrates a simple grid with only two longitudinal elements.The transverse elements can be straight or curved.

FIG. 9C is a depiction of a concatenated sequence of loops joined so asto create a grid. This can be viewed as two longitudinal elements withrepeated pattern, connected at their cusps by transverse elements.

FIG. 9D shows a grid created by two longitudinal elements connected by athird repeatedly crossing transverse element. This may be viewed as twolongitudinal elements connected by a plurality of oblique transverseelements.

FIG. 9E depicts a grid with three longitudinal elements.

FIG. 9F illustrates a grid with four longitudinal elements. A grid cancontain any number of longitudinal elements, and the grid can besupplemented by separate wires acting as longitudinal elements.

FIG. 10 shows a swing arm with teeth-like knuckles configured to bothcapture pivot element about which it rotates and also mate with opposingswing arm. The assembly at the pivot end is referred to as a barrel.

FIG. 11 shows two swing arms configured to mate concentrically.

FIG. 12 shows a swing arm with a continuous cavity at one end for apivot element, which pivot element could be a rigid shaft such as nail,screw or hook, or more elastic element such as a wire, rope or cable. Italso displays a curved section designed for optimum capture of newshoots. Several detailed views are shown to illustrate various features.View “C-C Optional” illustrates an optionally removable arm.

FIG. 13 shows a side view of a swing arm with grid attached, captureposition. A swing arm support wire is indicated in the drawing, but anypivot element can be used. View A-A shows two swing arms in captureposition. Circles on arms indicate possible locations of longitudinalgrid elements or supported wires. These locations can be on the convex,concave, outside or inside of the swing arms.

FIG. 14 shows two opposing swing arms in capture position, with newgrowth finding their way through grid and or longitudinal wires.

FIG. 14A shows the swing arms of FIG. 14 rotated to a horizontalposition, with captured shoots retained and growing through grid. Theswing arms can be lifted (raised vertically) by moving the pivot element(swing arm support wire in this case) to a higher vineyard post clip.

FIG. 15 shows the pivoting end of a swing arm mounted on a pivotelement, which in this illustration is a swing arm support wire. A gridis shown attached to the swing arm.

FIG. 15A shows two opposing swing arms prior to connection on pivotelement.

FIG. 15B shows two opposing swing arms intercalated and interlocked in acoupled position.

FIG. 16 shows a perspective of the swing arm system with swing armsrotated to a horizontal position. A method for terminating the wires andgrid is shown.

FIG. 17 shows a perspective of two swing arms with curved configurationand how it rotates from the closed position upward to a position thathas partially raised the grid and accompanying foliage.

FIG. 18 is a detail view of curved swing arms with a flat closuresection and attached grid.

FIG. 19 shows the distal ends of opposing swing arms held together incapture position using hooks.

FIG. 19A shows the distal ends of opposing swing arms held together inlocked position by magnetic attraction.

FIG. 19B shows the distal ends of opposing swing arms held together inlocked position by a friction fit between the arms.

FIG. 20A shows curved swing arms in capture position.

FIG. 20B shows curved swing arms in about 90 degrees position (withrespect to each other).

FIG. 20C shows curved swing arms in 180 degree (horizontal) position. Italso shows how two swing arms are held in position using an adjustablebrace. The support arms attach to a post, and pivot to meet the variouspositions of the swing arms.

FIG. 20D shows curved swing arms in about 270 degree position.

FIG. 21A shows curved swing arms in capture position with slidinglongitudinal elements.

FIG. 21B shows curved swing arms in raised position with slidinglongitudinal elements. Arrows show how longitudinal wires are relocated.

FIG. 22 shows an alternate method to secure a swing arm to a pivotelement, using a hook like end treatment with spring closure.

FIG. 22A shows a barrel with alignment holes.

FIG. 22B shows two arms joined using alignment holes to lock arms inpreset positions.

FIG. 23 shows how a flat grid can be shaped to fit over a contouredswing arm.

FIG. 23A shows how a separate grid can be attached to each arm orcontinuously over two opposing arms.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In this section the new inventive methodology will be applied and theresulting benefits will be evident. When the new method is applied totraining grape vines it is preferably referred to as the Swing ArmTraining System. In the drawings, the same reference numerals indicatelike elements throughout the several figures, as follows:

-   10 Canopy-   20 Post-   30 Catch wire-   40 Fruiting wire-   50 Grape vine trunk-   60 Cordon or cane-   70 Shoots-   80 Post clip-   100 Grid-   110 Transverse element of grid-   120 Longitudinal element of grid-   170 Grid clip-   180 End joint (male)-   190 End joint (female)-   195 Grid socket for catch wire-   800 Flow chart illustrating method of use

The SATS shoot positioning system is a concept that improves bothquality and production costs over the existing methods because itprovides lateral support to vine shoots 70 as opposed to the prior artof only providing vertical support. In addition, it fixes the vine shootin an optimum location within the trellis for the life of the growingcycle, which eliminates the need to reposition shoots as the seasonprogresses. Because the grapevine canopy will now have its shoots moreevenly distributed and fixed in place it increases the vines' ability toproduce higher levels of quality fruit.

Although some embodiments are described in conjunction with trainingvines and shoots in a grape vineyard, the embodiments are applicable tomany other vine and vine shoot training systems.

The Swing Arm

The proposed swing arm is a means to support a wire or system of wiresor grid configurations. It can be used in agricultural applications suchas in a trellis system that is used to support vines and climbingvegetation. It can also be useful in any other applications that utilizea system of wires that have a mobility requirement.

The following text shows how the arm design features work together witha grid and or a set of wires parallel to the fruiting wire to controlthe direction of vine growth and support that growth for the growingcycle.

The arm is mounted on a pivot element (often a swing arm support wire isused as a pivot element) that serves to position the arm and provide ahinge that is the center of rotation for the device. See FIGS. 15 and20A-20D for example.

In an embodiment, the support wire is attached to each post using acommon commercial fastener used in catch wire systems. The fastenerprovides a temporary connection between wire and post but allows thewire to be removed and re inserted into another fastener at a differentlocation. With an arm now mounted on a movable wire it has theflexibility to be active at any desired vertical position within thelimits of the vineyard posts. This is in contrast to any fixed arm thatmay have been previously used. FIG. 14A shows how the support wire canbe raised bringing the arms, grid, and foliage further upwards asrequired.

In one configuration the arm is designed to be attached to the supportwire (pivot element) by use of a narrow slot providing an entry pointfor the wire. See FIG. 12 view A-A and C-C. FIG. 12, View C-C Optional,shows a flared slot being used and an optional removable handle toaccommodate one barrel size but interchangeable handles.

In an embodiment, each single arm is designed so that it can be matedwith another single arm to form a swing arm assembly consisting of twoopposing arms but working together to support a grid. This providestransverse and longitudinal support for the training grid as shown inFIGS. 12 through 15B.

When two arms are used as a system, the location of the entry slots arearranged so that they move in opposing directions as each arm rotatesaround the center pivot point. This action prevents the swing arm fromdisengaging from the wire. See FIGS. 15A-B. A unique feature of the slotsystem is that any arm can be disengaged from the wire or pivot elementas needed and at any time by rotating the two arms back to the entryposition and lifting the arm from the pivot. This would be useful whenreplacing a damaged arm, changing to a different length of arm or forany reason that requires removal.

When the two arms are mated and closed this is called the captureposition. See FIGS. 13, 14, 17, 18, 20A and 21A. In this position thearms and attached grid will “capture” the new emerging shoots within theopenings of the grid. It is critical for the grid to be positioned inthe most advantageous location with respect to the new emerging shoots.A uniform shoot distribution within the mature canopy is stronglyencouraged by the initial grid location in the capture position.

The arms can be configured in many different ways. FIGS. 2A through 4D,10 and 11 illustrate straight arms. On the other hand, FIG. 14 andothers show a more sophisticated design that has features that promotesuccessful vine training. As seen in FIGS. 12 and 18 the first fewinches of the arm from the pivot element can be straight as opposed tothe shape of the remaining arm. When the two arms are in the captureposition this feature promotes the center of the attached grid to beunavailable to capture new shoots. This is desirable because as theshoots grow through the grid and combine to form the grapevine canopy itforms a separation between front and back portions of the canopy, thusallowing additional space for airflow, sunlight and future lateralgrowth.

Also seen in FIGS. 12, 13, 14 and 14A the lower portion of the arm canhave a curved profile. When the two arms are in the capture position thecombined arms form a curved enclosure surrounding the cane or cordon andthis curved shape encourages the newly emerging shoots to become moreevenly distributed within the grid openings.

To further clarify the swing arm's role in the overall training systeman order of support is presented:

-   -   1. post or posts are supported by the earth    -   2. A clip, staple, or fastening device is attached to and        supported by the post.    -   3. a swing arm support wire or wires are supported by the post        and fastening device.    -   4. a swing arm or arms are supported by the wire or wires.    -   5. a grid or additional wire or catch wires are supported by the        swing arm.    -   6. the foliage is contained and supported by the grid or catch        wires

The Grid

The swing arm and its associated grid are the physical objects that makethe SATS concept possible and are configured to provide a barrierbetween foliage shoots 70 as they grow.

The term “grid” defines an overall structure that is comprised of aplurality of geometrically configured parts that are arranged to beplaced in close proximity to a living vine and is used to control thedirection of foliage growth. The grid is configured and sized toseparate shoots in a vineyard in order to reduce foliage overlap. Thegrid is supported by a grid arm which allows the grid to be verticallyand rotatively adjusted to train shoots as they grow.

Referring to FIG. 9A through 9F, the use of the word “grid” in thisdescription includes but is not limited to a plurality of transverseelements 110 connected to one or more longitudinal elements 120.

Grid as Matrix of Openings

Referring now to FIGS. 9A-9F, a grid may be viewed as a matrix or arrayof openings or spaces. The terms matrix and array are usedinterchangeably, and the terms opening and space are usedinterchangeably in this description. For example, the grid of FIG. 9Emay be viewed as a matrix of 16 openings associated with and separatedby transverse and longitudinal elements. The matrix of openings is alinear array which is substantially longer than wide, usually by afactor of at least nine to one (length to width).

The purpose of the grid and its associated array of openings is tocapture shoots; to partially or completely separate shoots; and trainthe shoots, as shown in FIGS. 2B and 2C, for example. Although the gridopenings need not be spaced exactly in accordance with the spacing ofthe shoots, nonetheless it is preferred to bear in mind the grapevines'growth and culture requirements. In an embodiment, grids have openingsthat match the ideal shoot spacing required for a given variety anddistribute that spacing along the fruiting wire providing a barrierbetween shoots. For example, Vitis vinifera, the most common wine grapetype, includes such cultivars as Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, andPinot Noir and their ideal shoot spacing is from 4 to 6 shoots perlineal foot of trellis. Accordingly, the corresponding grid can be madeto provide 4 to 6 openings per lineal foot. On other varieties, such asmany hybrid varieties, the shoot spacing is recommended to be closer,ideally between 6 to 10 shoots per lineal foot and the grid can beconfigured to match that recommendation. A good compromise setting isabout 6 openings per linear foot. For vines other than grapevines thegrid openings are spaced relative to the growth pattern of that type ofvine.

One embodiment doubles the number of openings per lineal foot in thegrid pattern with respect to the ideal shoot spacing for a givenvariety. For example, rather than use 6 openings per lineal foot, thecorresponding grid may be made to provide 12 openings per lineal foot totighten control of each shoot and to leave an empty opening betweenshoots for better protection against foliage shading. In this way theshoots will on average be more consistently separated for betteravoidance of shading because of the empty grid openings between shoots.Such separation may also be achieved by multiple longitudinal rows ofopenings as shown in FIGS. 9E and 9F.

In some embodiments it is advantageous to use relatively large gridopenings, that is, more than one shoot per opening, in order toaccommodate a variety of swing arm and associated grid angles.

For manufacturing purposes a small number, such as two or three, of gridsizes can be made and these would approximately satisfy the gridrequirements for vines of different kinds, even though it may not be theideal spacing for every kind of vine, yet still function adequately.Grids can also be made with irregular spacing of the transverse gridelements, although this may be less desirable from a manufacturingviewpoint.

The intention is to capture as many shoots in the grid as possible eventhough a few may escape due to the unpredictable nature of vine growth.There may also be cases in which a plurality of shoots will occur in onegrid opening but this is acceptable as at least partial separation ofshoots is accomplished. Where relatively large grid openings are used,more than one shoot per grid opening would be acceptable.

In special situations, such as growing vines in very hot climates, someshading of fruit may be desirable. Using the SATS method, the shadingcan be more precisely controlled. More accurate growth direction may beencouraged resulting in fruit shading but not leaf shading. Thus, in anysituation, the SATS method provides another tool for vineyardmanagement.

Grid as Interconnection of Transverse and Longitudinal Elements

As mentioned, the use of the word “grid” in this description includesbut is not limited to a plurality of transverse elements 110 connectedto one or more longitudinal elements 120. Transverse elements are alsoreferred to as first elongated elements and the terms are usedinterchangeably; longitudinal elements are also referred to as secondelongated elements and the terms are used interchangeably. Transverseelements need not be perpendicular to longitudinal elements. Transverseelements need not be parallel to other transverse elements. Generallythe grid of interest is a linear grid, meaning a grid substantiallylonger than wide, usually by a factor of at least nine to one (length towidth).

Grids may be made of flexible or rigid material. Since the grid'sfunction is to separate shoots, it may have any of a variety of shapesincluding ladder-shaped grids as illustrated in FIG. 9E as well ascomb-shaped grids shown in FIG. 9A. The latter is a depiction of a combshaped grid for use when training vines and vine shoots growing inproximity to the ground. The teeth of the combs correspond to transverseelements, and the back of the comb to a longitudinal element.

The transverse elements need not be in the shape of straight lines. Theymay be curved as exampled in FIGS. 9B and 9C, and the plane containingthe curve may be in any direction. The transverse elements can be formedas part of a continuous line as in FIG. 9D.

FIG. 9C is a depiction of a concatenated sequence of loops joined so asto create a grid. FIG. 9C can be viewed as two patterned longitudinalelements (the upper and lower parts of the loops), connected bytransverse elements joining the upper and lower longitudinal elements attheir cusps.

FIG. 9D shows a grid created by two longitudinal elements connected by athird element crossing back and forth between the two longitudinalelements. For the purposes of this specification, however, it is equallyvalid to view this grid as two longitudinal elements connected by aplurality of sloping transverse elements.

FIGS. 9E and 9F illustrate grids with more than two longitudinalelements.

The grid can be prefabricated or fabricated at the site of use.

The grid can be made of a metallic substance such as, but not limitedto, steel, copper, aluminum, silver, iron, or any other of the elementalmetallic or alloy substances. The grid can be made of a syntheticcompound such as, but not limited to, nylon, acrylic, polyester, carbonfibers, polycarbonates, or any other combination of synthetic orsynthetic and natural substances. The grid can be made of any animal,vegetable or mineral natural material. The grid can be made of anyregenerated, recycled, semi synthetic, synthetic, mineral, polymer,natural or man-made compound. The grid can be made from a flexible, semiflexible or rigid material. It can be of fixed dimensions or have thecapability of stretching or compressing.

The longitudinal and transverse elements can be attached to each otherby many means, such as: welding, adhesion, wrapping, and insertion.Thermal joining such as spot welding is performed based on properties ofthe material used. Adhesive bonding is another approach. Wrapping isillustrated in FIG. 9D. An insertion technique is possible in whichtransverse elements are inserted and captured in a longitudinal element.These examples of grid assemblage are shown to illustrate the range ofpossibilities and are not meant to be limiting.

The width of the grid is measured in a perpendicular direction from thelong axis and is measured horizontally with respect to the position offunction. The size of the grid will vary according to the intended grapevine usage and preferably will vary in overall width from 1 inch to 48inches. For specialty crop use, the width can be less than 1 inch andcan exceed 48 inches as required for the application.

The length of the fabricated or pre-fabricated grid is measured alongthe long axis when in the normal position of function. In the case oftrellised grape vines this dimension is parallel to the long axis of thetrellis. The preferred fabricated length can be from 1 inch long to anunspecified length, which is limited by the manufacturing and logisticconditions and is cut to fit specific field conditions.

The thickness of the grid material is preferably from 1/64 inch to 1½inches depending on application requirements, but can be smaller orlarger if desired.

The geometric shape of the grid components, which together make up theassembly in whole, can be triangular, rectangular, square, polygons withany number of sides, circular, oval, curved, annulus, crescent,elliptical, segments and sectors of shapes, or any combination of theabove. The cross section of the longitudinal and transverse elements maybe different, and may be of any shape such as triangular, rectangular,square, polygonal of any number of sides, circular, oval, curved,annulus, crescent, elliptical, segments and sector of shapes, or anycombination of the above. In general, grid openings are sized between 10to 60 square inches, but can be smaller or larger if desired.

Grids may be rigid or elastic.

The grid may be any color, can be coated with any material that enhancesthe performance such as Teflon, rust proofing, galvanization, paint orsimilar coatings. The grid may be made of a biodegradable material.

The grid can be shortened or lengthened as desired to fit any desiredlength. Any method of attaching two grids together to create a longergrid may be used, and are not limited to the examples illustrated.

In some cases, a simple grid consisting of only a few longitudinalelements, such as two such elements as seen in FIG. 9B, can besupplemented by separate wires that are used as longitudinal elements ofthe grid even though they may not be attached to the grid. The purposeof this is that the separate wires can be adjusted into differentpositions to improve the equitable distribution of shoots in openings.

Another factor of the SATS grid is the overall flex and strengthcharacteristics that are addressed when designing the specific systemfor use. In some embodiments the SATS grid can be designed, forinstance, to have the specific rigidity, anti friction qualities (smoothsurfaces) and sizing of the openings to make the motion smooth andefficient and help to overcome resistance from foliage and tendrils.

System Including Swing Arm and Grid

The grid can be moved and relocated on the trellis or bare foliage asoften as the user deems necessary. The number of moves required tocomplete the objective is entirely up to the user and is understood asbeing part of the intended use of the grid. Typically two moves aresatisfactory, and sometimes one move is sufficient to properly retrainthe vine.

A grid that is a component of a SATS system needs a foundation or asupport that is positioned within the canopy so as to enable the grid toperform various functions resulting in the successful cycle of capturingemerging shoots from new buds, guiding the shoots in the desireddirection, holding the grid in place, and having the capability ofmoving within the canopy to serve all the growers canopy managementneeds.

Using a swing arm as a link between the grid and the other varioustrellis components, such as posts, support wires, trellis hardware, andthe vegetative vine growth itself is described here.

The function of a swing arm is to support and to efficiently captureshoots, then raise or lower the grid while retaining and spreading thefoliage at the same time. The arms, grid and support wire (or otherpivot element) act together as a system and they extend the entirelength of the trellised row. Various embodiments of swing arm/gridcombinations are described in the following examples.

In the case of a standalone embodiment, the swing arm and associatedgrid may be lowered to its capture position, allowed to rotate freely,and then allow the actively growing shoots to suspend the swing arm andassociated grid when enough foliage has grown to support the free grid.The grid and swing arms will move upward with the growing foliage,providing some degree of separation.

The swing arms containing the grid may be directly attached to a post,and the assembly can then be pivoted using the post attachment point asthe center of the swing arc.

The swing arms and grid may be used with any available post size andconfiguration including wooden posts, metal posts, and posts of asynthetic

The swing arms may be made of any material, including metal, plastic orwood. They may be of any cross-sectional shape such as circular,triangular, rectangular, square or other. They may be rigid or flexible.

The grid may be attached to the swing arms by glue, staples, hooks,welding, screws, nails or any other fastening mechanism.

The swing arm may be covered with mating strips of Velcro, one stripattached (such as glued) to the swing arm, the other part removable sothat the removable strip is removed, the grid set in place upon thenon-removable Velcro strip, and the removable strip then set upon thegrid so that the grid is sandwiched between the mating Velcro strips.This holds the grid in place on the swing arm and allows the grid to beeasily replaced if desired (in case of a damaged grid or the desire touse a different size grid opening).

The pivot end of the arm may be designed to snap on to the pivot elementwithout the need for a barrel-like assembly. An example is shown in FIG.22.

The swing arms may be attached to supported wires by means of snappinginto, tying to, clipping onto, or otherwise attaching to supportedwires. As an example, see the expanded detail drawing in FIG. 7, labeled“Grid formed with cavity to attach field support wire.” The cavity isformed to grasp the field support wire, with enough clearance to enablethe cavity to slide over the field support wire when in position.

To augment the capture of new growth, the wires or outermost gridlongitudinal elements at the distal end of two swing arms may befastened together in capture position for more complete capture. Werefer to this as “locking” the swing arms together in capture position.They can be unlocked when it is time to rotate the arms apart.

Various embodiments may be utilized to lock the swing arms together. Theswing arms may be locked together directly, or the attached grid orfield wires may be locked in addition to or independently of the swingarms. The swing arms can be locked using any of the methods illustratedin FIG. 19, 19A, or 19B. These include locking by magnetic attraction,by friction fit, or by hooking them together. The field wires ordistal-end grid longitudinal elements may be used with a cavity castinto the field wire or distal longitudinal grid element to mate with itsopposite element on the other arm, such as use of: an “S” or otherintricately shaped cavity that retains wires by requiring complex motionto escape. Other methods are: a force fit in a tight cavity in whichconsiderable force is required to extract the wire; a cavity, such as aconformal cavity, with elastic walls that make exit difficult; and ingeneral any configuration that retains the support wire once it has beeninserted into the cavity or socket. In some embodiments it may bepreferred to have a loose fit of the grid cavity onto the catch wiresfor ease of sliding the grid or grid elements with respect to the catchwires. The clearance is sufficient to allow movement, while the lip orshape that captures the catch wire must encompass the catch wiresufficiently to retain same under normal use.

Turning to the pivot end of the swing arm, in one example the swingbarrel (a.k.a. knuckle) has slots for wire entry, as shown in FIG. 10(or flared slot, as shown in FIG. 12, View C-C Optional). The purpose ofthe gap between knuckle loops is to allow a swing arm of the sameconfiguration on the other side of the trellis to intercalate on thesame support wire in substantially the same position on the supportwire.

In another example, two swing arms, on opposite sides of the trellis,are attached to their common support wire by means of a concentricarrangement wherein one arm rotates on an inner (male) shaft whichslides and rotates within a concentric outer (female) shaft. See FIG.11. Another example of the intercalation of the knuckles is shown inFIGS. 15A and 15B. In this way both arms can rotate independently whilebeing substantially in the same location along the support wire.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A. Shows a prior art vine training method known as Vertical ShootPositioning System. Notice in particular how the prior art allows theshoots to bunch up along the row, resulting in shading and reducedsunlight.

FIGS. 2A through 4D illustrate how and when to place and adjust aprefabricated swing arm-grid using the SATS system. Although not shownin these drawings, the swing arm supports a grid and or set of fieldwires that capture, separate and train shoots to grow with reducedshading.

FIG. 2A through FIG. 2C show how two swing arms can be mounted on apivot element, in this case a support wire passing through thecenterline of the trellis post. The support wire is inserted throughdrilled holes located at the post centerline and approximately 13 inchesabove the fruiting wire, although any appropriate height above isacceptable. This support wire is the attachment point for the swing armsat each post and also attaches to the grid between posts.

FIG. 2A shows the arm in the “capture” position. The arm along with thesupport wires and grid are placed in this position while the buds aredormant and, once growth begins, the new shoots pass through the gridopenings and continue to grow.

FIG. 2B shows the new shoots after substantial growth has taken place.

FIG. 2C shows how the arms can be pivoted upward bringing all thecaptured shoots into a nearly vertical position. The arms can be freelyrotating supported by the upward growth of the foliage, or the arms canbe manually moved, or moved by any other mechanism including by fieldwires at the distal end of the arm. In this position the canopy hasreached its desired architecture and remains until harvest.

FIG. 3A through FIG. 3D show how two swing arms and their associatedgrids can be mounted on the outside of the trellis posts. Support wiresare attached to the post surfaces using standard trellis hardwarestaples that allow the wires to be removed and re-attached.

FIG. 3A shows the configuration of the swing arms in the “capture”position. The arms along with the support wires and grid are placed inthis position while the buds are dormant and, once growth begins, thenew shoots pass through the grid openings and continue to grow.

FIG. 3B shows the new shoots after substantial growth has taken place.

FIG. 3C shows how the arms can be pivoted upward bringing all thecaptured shoots into a nearly vertical position. In this position thearms are fully raised and the canopy may have reached the desired levelof its desired architecture. If so, the arms and grid can remain fixedin place until harvest.

FIG. 3D shows an optional position that raises the swing arms andassociated grids an additional desired vertical distance. A second setof attachment staples are located approximately 6 inches above thebottom set. The supporting wires and their arms and associated grids areremoved from the bottom set of staples and re-inserted in the top set.This gives the grower on optional lift position.

FIGS. 4A through 4D show how two swing arms can be mounted on a singlesupport wire attached to the outside of the trellis posts. The supportwire is attached to the post surface using a standard trellis hardwarestaple that allows the wire to be removed and re-attached. The wire islocated on the same side of the post as the fruiting wire.

FIG. 4A shows the configuration of the swing arms in the “capture”position. The arms along with the support wire and grid are placed inthis position while the buds are dormant and, once growth begins, thenew shoots pass through the grid openings and continue to grow.

FIG. 4B shows the new shoots after substantial growth has taken place.

FIG. 4C shows how the arms can be pivoted upward bringing all thecaptured shoots into a nearly vertical position. In this position thearms are fully raised and the canopy may have reached the desired levelof its desired architecture. If so, the arms and grid can remain fixedin place until harvest.

FIG. 4D shows an optional position that raises the grid an additionaldesired vertical distance. A second set of attachment staples arelocated approximately 6 inches above the bottom set. The supportingwires and their arms and associated grids are removed from the bottomset of staples and re-inserted in the top set.

This gives the grower on optional lift position.

FIG. 5A shows a swing arm notched for adjustable length.

FIG. 5B shows a swing arm slotted for variable length.

FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate a series of notches or slots in a swing armthat serve as optional pivot points for the center of the swing arc.This allows the effective length of the arm to be variable allowing theuser a temporary way to limit the space occupied by the arms and gridwithin the aisles between vine rows. This would be desirable to letmachinery pass while the arms go through the near horizontal range andupward into the final position.

FIG. 6A shows that an additional novel feature of the swing armconfiguration is the placement of a catch wire that is suspended from apoint on the arm by means of an elongated connector.

FIG. 6B shows that as the swing arm is raised along with the grid, amajority of the foliage is also raised into a nearly vertical position.However, late growing shoots and/or smaller shoots may not be caught inthe grid openings at this initial raising of the arms and grid. Withsubsequent movements upward of the arms and grid that occur later ingrowing season, a trailing catch wire will follow the arms' movementspulling any remaining foliage into place.

FIG. 7 shows an embodiment of a swing arm and grid assembly, and itsattachment to a supporting post. This figure illustrates an embodimentof how the swing arm, grid, and support wires may be assembled.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart 800 illustrating an example embodiment for thetiming of adjustment of the swing arms with its associated grid. This isexplained in more detail in the “Method of Use” section.

In general, the goal is to capture substantially all shoots as they growin the linear array of spaces, and to provide some separation of theshoots in order to reduce or prevent shading. However, where relativelylarge grid openings are used, more than one shoot per grid opening wouldbe acceptable based on a minimum of shoot crowding due to the additionalspace that would be available.

FIG. 9A is a depiction of a comb shaped grid for use when training vinesand vine shoots growing in proximity to the ground. The teeth of thecombs correspond to transverse elements, and the back of the comb to alongitudinal element.

FIG. 9B illustrates a grid with curved transverse elements. Thetransverse elements can be straight or of any shape deemed effective fortraining shoots.

FIG. 9C is a depiction of a concatenated sequence of loops joined so asto create a grid. This can be viewed as two longitudinal elements withrepeated pattern, connected at their cusps by transverse elements.

FIG. 9D shows a grid created by two longitudinal elements connected by athird element crossing back and forth between the two longitudinalelements. For the purposes of this specification, however, it is equallyvalid to view this grid as two longitudinal elements connected by aplurality of sloping transverse elements.

FIG. 9E depicts a grid with three longitudinal elements.

FIG. 9F illustrates a grid with four longitudinal elements.

FIG. 10 shows a swing arm with teeth-like protuberances (knuckles)configured to both capture the pivot element about which it rotates andalso mate with opposing swing arm.

FIG. 11 shows two swing arms configured to mate concentrically. One armrotates on an inner (male) shaft which slides and rotates within aconcentric outer (female) shaft.

FIG. 12 shows details of a curved handled arm. Design features include atooth-like knuckle configuration with a continuous cavity in the barrelportion that is used to house a pivot element, in this example a supportwire that is common to other arms along the length of a grapevinetrellis. The wire serves as an axle for the rotational movement of thearms. The tooth design allows two separate arms to be coupled with thecommon support wire thus forming a unified system that can then be relocated anywhere in the vertical direction along the vine canopy.

A continuous slot is provided as an entryway for fitting the arm to thewire. This allows any arm to be attached or removed from the trelliswire as needed without additional manipulation of the wire or arms. Therotating action of the two arms closes the entry slot and preventspremature disassembly of the parts.

The shape of the arm includes a flat surface that when combined with asecond arm forms a closure to compress the associated grid in thecapture position. This is desirable when shoots are to be directed awayfrom the center of the canopy as a final condition.

The arms curved shape also allows better distribution of shoots withinthe grid openings as they emerge from the cane or cordon.

The portion of the arm designated as the barrel, see FIG. 12, view C-Coptional, is the housing for the rotative movement. It can be made asone piece monolithic with the arm or as an option it can be a separateportion that allows different arm configurations to be attached andremoved.

FIG. 13 is an overview of how the various trellis components are usedtogether with a swing arm. The views depict the arms and grid loweredinto the position where the grid can capture the emerging shoots as theygrow from the cane or cordon. The vineyard posts support a swing armsupport wire that is connected to the swing arms and grid.

FIG. 14 shows how the foliage can grow through the openings in the grid.The combined curvature of two arms forms the grid into a cavity thatgives the new shoots a near 360 degree enclosure forcing the growth tofind an available grid opening and grow through as shown. Note that theflat sections of the arms combine to prohibit growth through thatsection of the grid. This creates empty grid cells near the pivot pointof the arms for the length of the row.

After sufficient new growth has taken place the arms are rotated upwardas shown in FIG. 14A. Note that the flat portion of the arms are nownearly horizontal and that the flat portions have prevented the gridfrom accepting any shoots. Most of the growth has been directed to theoutsides of the canopy. This is desirable to promote sunlightpenetration into the middle of the canopy.

Also shown in FIG. 14A is the use of clips or special staples toposition the assembly further upward as shoots continue to grow. Theclips are a standard vineyard hardware item and allow any wire to besecured to the post and then removed and replaced on an additional clip.

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of a swing arm and grid attached to asupport wire. An additional arm and portion of grid have been omittedfor illustrative purpose. When a second arm is attached to the wire asshown in FIG. 15 B the two arms act as a rotative system that can raiseand lower the grid by pivoting around the support wire.

FIGS. 15A and B show how two opposing arms combine to form a singleworking unit. Once the both arms have been placed over the support wireand rotated slightly upward they are bound together by the common wirethrough their cavities and further held in place by the contour of theopposing arm. The slots used for entry are now closed and the two armsare locked together to form a functioning unit capable of rotatingaround the pivot element.

FIG. 16 illustrates how a series of posts, support wires, grids, swingarms and trellis hardware act together as a system to control grapevineshoot direction and canopy form. It also indicates a method used toterminate the various components at the end of a row of vines. The wiretensioners mounted on the end post have multiple locations and can movevertically and be fixed in place to keep pace with the swing arm systemas it is raised or lowered. A rigid crossbar is used to transition thegrid from it's full width to the anchor points on the last post.

FIG. 17 shows a swing arm with a curved configuration and how it rotatesfrom the closed position upward to a position that has partially raisedthe grid and accompanying foliage. Later in the growing season as theshoots elongate the rotation can be further adjusted to meet the growingneeds. It is noted that the arm support wire passes through the barrelof the swing arms and acts as the center of rotation or pivot element.This novel characteristic allows the entire grid to be raised as thesupport wire is raised.

FIG. 18 is a detail view of the swing arms and grid. The fruiting wireand its associated cane or cordon are shown in the contained area madepossible by lowering of the arms. In the curved arm grid shown here thegrid material is placed around the exterior side of the arms and thencompressed in the flat arm section near the center of rotation. Theamount of grid material collected in the flat closure area depends onthe desired amount of open space that will be resulting when the armsare raised and the grid is spread out to a near horizontal position.Initial position of the grids longitudinal elements and the relativeposition of the fruiting cane or cordon have an important influence onthe dispersion of shoots after the arms are raised. Therefore, thesefactors can be varied to suit the variety that is being grown as well asthe desired result.

FIG. 19 illustrates the various ways a swing arm can be attached toeither another arm or support wire or longitudinal element of the gridwhile in the capture position. The point of attachment is on the distalend of the arm and its purpose is to secure the grid in a near closedloop around the cane or cordon. When the arms are ready to be raised theattachment is disconnected and rotation of the arms can begin. FIG. 19Ashows the distal ends of the opposing swing arms held together in alocked position by magnetic attraction. FIG. 19B shows the same for afriction fit between the arms.

FIGS. 20A, B, C, and D show how the Swing arms can be adjusted accordingto the growing cycle of the vines. Depicted here are various rotated armpositions ranging from closed at capture to fully rotated as may berequired in FIG. 20D. Not shown in this figure, the arms can berepositioned vertically along the posts giving a variety of options forthe user to control canopy shape and density.

FIG. 20 C also shows how two swing arms are held in position using anadjustable brace. The support arms are made to attach to a post andpivot to meet the various positions of the swing arms.

FIGS. 21A and 21B illustrate how a swing arm may be used in anadjustable grid application. Shown is a grid with a single cell in thetransverse direction and mounted on swing arms with fixed support wiresat the distal ends of the arms and said support wires form fixedlongitudinal elements. The grid provides the transverse elements (andjust the outside longitudinal elements).

Wires a and b are positioned near the rotative end of the arm but areseparated enough to accept a limited amount of foliage to grow betweenthem. After growth has proceeded through the available spaces and thearms have been repositioned upward, the wires a and b can be movedtransversely toward the distal end of the arms. This action forces thecaptured shoots outward and separates the canopy into the widened spacesshown as space a, b, and c.

The result is a way to manipulate the foliage according to the desiredcanopy shape and density.

FIG. 22 is a view of a swing arm with an end treatment that can clipover a pivot element. The clip over arm has a hooked end to contain thepivot element and a spring like closure element that traps the wire inposition or releases it for the wire to exit the arm. An arm of thistype can be used alone or used in combination with another clip on swingarm.

Applications using single arms on only one side of a grape vine canopyto direct foliage would apply to a situation where downward growingshoots and canopy exist. The single arm use is not limited to downwardgrowing shoots but can be used as the conditions dictate.

Applications for using a pair of arms would apply to any situation wherea grower needs support for wires or grids in an upward growing canopy.

FIG. 22A shows how strategically placed holes in the knuckle portion ofthe arm would serve to mate with another arm and lock in place uponalignment of predetermined holes. A pin would be inserted in thecontinuous holes after they align to secure the position. To rotate thearms to a new position would require removal of the pin and re insertionin another set of holes.

FIG. 22B shows how the two arms would rotate into various positions andlock in place.

FIG. 23 shows various ways to attach the grid to the swing arm. Althoughnot limited to the methods shown the grid can be fastened to the arms byslots, grooves, or raised protrusions along the surface of the arm.Additionally, a Velcro system or permanent fastening such as gluing,plastic welding, or attaching only transverse or only longitudinalelements can be used.

FIG. 23A graphically depicts how a grid can be positioned around asupport wire and arm in one continuous piece or how several grid widthscan be used and fastened to form one complete containment area able tocapture new shoots.

Method of Use

Flow chart 800 provides an example embodiment for the timing of swingarm adjustment in both rotation and height (vertical translation). Itcorresponds to FIGS. 8A-8D.

Step 810 indicates this example applies to upward growing shoots.

In step 812 the pivot element is positioned above the fruiting wireprior to spring growth so that the swing arms, which are supported bythe pivot element, can be placed in position to capture shoots as soonas the shoots arise. The pivot element is positioned in such a mannerthat the swing arms, when directed downward as in FIGS. 3A and 14,extend beyond the fruiting wire so as to capture the shoots as theyarise from the cordon or cane attached to the fruiting wire. Theposition of the pivot element with respect to the fruiting wire can beseen in, for example, FIGS. 13 (View A-A), 17, 18, 20A among others.

In step 814 the swing arms are placed in position to capture shoots asthey emerge from the cordon or cane. Thus the swing arms should enclose,as far as possible with the particular design being used, the fruitingwire and attached cordon or cane. FIGS. 4A and 4B, for example, show asuitable initial position of the swing arms when the arms are straight.In this case the arms can be initially placed in any downward positionthat captures most of the shoots, anywhere from 0 to 45 degrees fromvertical. FIG. 14 shows the ideal capture position for curved swingarms. The swing arms enclose the fruiting wire and cordon or cane, thuseffectively allowing grids and wires attached to the swing arms tocapture shoots arising from the cordon or cane attached to the fruitingwire. The recommended positioning of the pivot element and attached armswith respect to the fruiting wire is illustrated in FIGS. 2A, 2B, 4A,4B, 14, 18, and 20A among others.

Step 815 indicates the desirability of locking the swing arms togetherin capture position to prevent wind, animals and other forces fromdisturbing the swing arm capture position. FIG. 19 shows various ways(magnetic, friction fit, and hooking) of attaching the distal ends ofopposing swing arms together in a secure manner until such time thatthey are later unlocked to accommodate growing shoots. FIG. 19 isapplicable for curved swing arms. For strait arms (as in FIG. 4A) thedownward (capture) position of the arms can be locked by means of anelement or combination of elements connecting the opposing arms thatholds them in fixed relative position.

Step 816 addresses when it is time to rotate the swing arms for thefirst time. The experienced eye will know when the time is right, butfor the general user a set of criteria is offered for guidance. Anycriterion or any set or subset of the following criteria may be used forguidance.

In step 816, after the shoots arising from the cordon or cane beencaptured as shown in FIG. 14, they need to be trained in the desiredupward direction. Step 816 indicates that a criterion or criteria areestablished to rotate the swing arms for the first time as the shootsgrow. FIG. 14A shows how the arms are rotated to guide the shoots in thedesired direction while continuing to retain and maintain separation ofthe shoots. This training of shoots is accomplished by using a gridattached to the swing arms, or alternatively, using a series of parallelwires (like catch wires) that are attached to the swing arms, or using ahybrid method in which a grid is used that has a full set of transverseelements but few longitudinal elements, additional longitudinal elementsbeing supplied by the set of parallel wires. A swing arm with gridattached is shown in FIGS. 13 and 15, and the case of arms with parallelwires attached is shown in FIGS. 21A and 21B.

Step 818 addresses the first criterion, i.e., rotating the swing armsfor the first time before the tendrils start secure attachment. The moresecurely the tendrils attach, the harder it is to move the swing armand, when moved, may damage the shoots.

The second criterion 820 is to rotate the swing arms about one weekbefore immobility of the swing arm occurs. Mobility of the arm due toexcessive growth can be tested occasionally, and when motion begins tobe difficult, it is time to rotate.

A third criterion 822 is when the shoot height reaches about 2 feet.

A fourth criterion 824 is to rotate the swing arms for the first timebefore bloom occurs (but after shoot capture).

According to step 826 of FIG. 8B, when any criterion or any combinationof criterion listed are reached, it is time to rotate the swing arms toabout 90 degrees from vertical (such as shown in FIG. 14A, 20B, or 21B).

Step 828 offers three criteria that determine the optimal timing ofpivot element (and hence swing arm) vertical adjustment. They are usedto indicate when it is time to raise the pivot element, and hence theattached swing arms, to accommodate shoot growth.

Step 830 shows that tendril attachment is a factor to consider becauseallowing too much tendril attachment will either immobilize the swingarms or inflict excessive damage to the tendrils and subsequently theshoots when the swing arms are lifted.

Step 832 relates that approaching immobility due to tendril attachmentand or foliage density is an indicator to raise the grid.

Although the experienced eye can judge when the tendril attachment andor foliage density will soon cause swing arm mobility, a more specificcriterion of shoot length is provided for the general grower in step834. The formula is as follows: The first lift of the grid occurs beforebloom and after the shoots have grown to reach a minimum average lengthof about 3 feet.

Step 836 shows that when any one or more of the criteria is reached, thepivot element and attached swing arms should be raised about 1 foot tokeep up with shoot growth. Examples of vertical lift are illustrated inFIGS. 3C-3D and FIGS. 4C-4D.

Step 838 teaches that the pivot element and attached swing arms are in anew position, the same logic is used to determine the timing of the nextlift of the pivot element, if needed. Often just one vertical adjustmentproves satisfactory, in which case 838 leads to step 848 in FIG. 8D. Butif a further adjustment is used, steps 838-846 follow the same sequenceas steps 828-836, except that the second lift adjustment, when used, canbe determined by when the shoot height is about 4 feet, as indicated instep 844, and the pivot element and attached swing arms are raised byabout another foot in step 846.

Step 848 addresses choosing the criterion or criteria for rotating armsfarther upward if needed. Often there is benefit to rotating the swingarms upward more than about 90 degrees at some point in the shoot growthcycle. This is shown in FIGS. 2C, 3C, and 4C.

Step 850 explains that one of the benefits of rotating swing armsfarther upward is to provide more space between rows when needed forwide machinery. Upward rotation beyond horizontal brings the arms closertogether and thus confines the canopy to a smaller width if need ordesired. The canopy can be widened again later by bringing the swingarms to a more horizontal position.

In step 852, if the arms do need to by rotated farther upward, it isnecessary to do so by one week before immobility.

Step 854 shows the swing arms should be rotated farther upward thanhorizontal if it proves to be necessary or desirable.

Step 856 asks if the vines are dormant, that is, if the growing seasonhas ended. If so, then lift the pivot element to the maximum height onthe post. Raising the pivot element also raises the attached swing arms.The timing can be anywhere after harvest and before pruning for the nextseason.

The height and rotation formulas stated above are guides to be temperedwith the ongoing field observations of shoot length, tendril attachment,and foliage density.

It should be kept in mind that there is no necessary order in theexample sequence. The sequence of adjustments shown in the example is:1st rotation, 1st lift, 2nd lift, and 2nd rotation. In some vineyardrows it may be necessary to use only a 1st rotation and 1st lift,whereas in others all four adjustments may be desirable. The order ofoperations can also be flexible so that for instance in somecircumstances a lift before a rotation may be desirable. The swing armis a tool that allows the grape grower to have considerable control overcanopy training, shading, and shape.

In addition to the method illustrated in FIGS. 8A-8D and flow chart 800,there are other useful operations with swing arms that help trainshoots. One is the trailing wire illustrated in FIG. 6A, shown incapture position. FIG. 6A is an end view of one embodiment of the swingarm apparatus, and the trailing wire parallels the fruiting wire. Thetrailing wire is attached to the distal end of the swing arm by aconnector. Although not shown, a trailing wire is connected to thedistal end of both swing arms. The purpose of the trailing wire is tocatch any stray shoots that may not have been captured during thecapture phase (step 814), especially when the particular swing arms useddo not have a concavity. FIG. 6B shows the final position of thetrailing catch wire after the arms have been rotated upward beyondhorizontal.

It should also be noted that the two swing arms are capable ofindependent rotational operation if desired. For example, the canopywidth requirements may be different on the two sides of a row.

This completes the VLSP positioning sequence for the first exampledembodiment.

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

From the foregoing description, it can be seen that the presentinvention comprises a method, apparatus, and system for using anadjustable grid to train vines and vine shoots. It will be appreciatedby those skilled in the art that changes could be made to theembodiments described above without departing from the broad inventiveconcepts thereof. It is understood, therefore, that this invention isnot limited to the particular embodiments described but it is intendedto cover all modifications which are within the scope and spirit of theinvention as described by the appended embodiments.

I claim:
 1. A method for training vegetative shoots, comprising:providing a fruiting wire supported by at least one post; attaching acordon or cane to said fruiting wire, said cordon or cane generatingsaid shoots during growing season; attaching a pivot element to saidpost; providing an arm rotatively attached to said pivot element;attaching a grid to said arm, said grid having a length to width ratioof at least nine to one; and rotating said arm at least once during thegrowing season.
 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising: rotatingsaid arm into close proximity to said cordon or cane early in thegrowing season whereby young shoots grow through and are captured bysaid attached grid.
 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising: raisingsaid pivot element and attached swing arm and grid at least once duringthe growing season.
 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising:providing a grid wherein the longitudinal elements are comprised ofwires adjustably attached to said swing arm; and adjusting thetransverse spacing of said grid's longitudinal elements.
 5. The methodof claim 1 wherein said pivot element is a support wire, cable, rope,nail, screw, pin, shaft, or fiber.
 6. The method of claim 5 wherein saidpivot element is said support wire, said support wire serving as acommon pivot for both swing arm and grid.
 7. A method for trainingvegetative shoots comprising: a. providing a fruiting wire supported byat least one post; b. attaching a cordon or cane to said fruiting wire,said cordon or cane generating said shoots during growing season; c.attaching a pivot element to said post; d. providing a pair of opposingarms rotatively attached to said pivot element; e. attaching at leastone grid to said arms, said grid having a length to width ratio of atleast nine to one; and f. rotating said arms at least once during thegrowing season.
 8. The method of claim 7 further comprising: providingarms that are at least partially curved; rotating said arms on the pivotelement in such a manner that the concavities of the arms face eachother when the arms are below horizontal; and capturing said shoots bybringing said concavities close together at the beginning of growingseason.
 9. The method of claim 8 further comprising: locking arms incapture position at the beginning of growing season.
 10. The method ofclaim 8 further comprising: impeding said shoots from growing throughsaid a portion of said grid in capture position by providing a flatportion of said arms near the pivot end that are substantially touchingin capture position.
 11. The method of claim 9 further comprising:unlocking arms after shoots have been captured.
 12. The method of claim7 further comprising: Vertically adjusting said pivot element andattached arms and grid at least once during growing season.
 13. Themethod of claim 7 wherein said pivot element is a support wire, cable,rope, nail, screw, pin, shaft, or fiber.
 14. The method of claim 13wherein said pivot element is said support wire, said support wireserving as a common pivot for both swing arm and grid.
 15. The method ofclaim 7 wherein the longitudinal elements of said grid are comprised ofwires whose spacing is transversely adjustable.
 16. The method of claim7 further comprising: transversely attaching or removing either of saidopposing arms from said pivot element by means of a continuous slot inboth said arms that serve as an entryway for fitting each arm to thepivot element.
 17. The method of claim 7 further comprising: keepingboth arms rotatively attached to said pivot element under normal use bythe rotating action of said arms that closes the entry slot and preventspremature disassembly of the arms to the pivot element.
 18. The methodof claim 7 further comprising: mating said opposing arms concentricallyin which one arm rotates on an inner (male) shaft which slides androtates within a concentric outer (female) shaft.
 19. The method ofclaim 7 further comprising: inserting notches, slots or grooves on theswing arm surfaces to securely hold said grid to said arms.
 20. A methodfor training shoots comprising: a. providing two posts; b. suspending afruiting wire between said posts; c. attaching a cordon or cane to saidfruiting wire, said cordon or cane generating said shoots during growingseason; d. attaching a support wire between posts; and e. rotativelyattaching two opposing arms to said support wire; and f. fixedlyattaching at least one grid to said arms, said grid having a length towidth ratio of at least nine to one.
 21. The method of claim 20 furthercomprising: rotating said arms close together at the beginning ofgrowing season thereby capturing said shoots as they begin to grow; androtating said arms farther apart as needed to support said shoots asthey grow.
 22. The method of claim 20 further comprising: raising saidsupport wire as needed to support said shoots as they grow.